Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they _____. 

Refer to the simplified picture of the Calvin Cycle, shown here, to answer the questions below.   a) What molecule should be present in the box labeled “1”? [1] b) What molecule is represented in the box labeled “2”? [2] c) What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between molecules “1” and “2”? [enzyme] d) 3PG and G3P are labeled on the diagram here. Which one is a more reduced molecule? [reduced] e) Consider 3PG and G3P again – which one has more chemical potential energy? [energy] f) What reaction is represented by the arrow labeled “3”? [3] g) What reaction is represented by the arrow labeled “4”? [4]

Mevalonate is a molecule present in the biochemical pathways that produce cholesterol and steroid hormones. Examine the reaction shown here, in which mevalonate is a reactant. What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction?   

Describe the process of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling. Include at least six events of the process in order, using a numbered list. Make sure to include at least one event from each parts of the signaling process: Reception, Signal Transduction, Cellular Response, and Deactivation.  For each event indicate which part of the process it is included in (Reception, Signal Transduction, Cellular Response, Deactivation).

Osteocytes are bone cells. Collagen fibers and calcium salts are found in abundance between and surrounding the osteocytes. The collagen and calcium salts are _____.

Which of these is NOT an example of an endergonic process that is made possible by the energy released from ATP hydrolysis? 

Put the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur: The signal-receptor complex undergoes a conformational change. Second messenger molecules are produced. A signal molecule binds to a receptor. Cellular response proteins are activated. G proteins become GTP bound. 

A patient has a broken arm, a burn on their stomach, dysphagia, and a laceration of the right eye with controlled bleeding. Which complaint must be addressed first?

Which of the following indicates a positive orthostatic test result?

The crew is transporting a patient who has an isolated ankle injury. The last set of vital signs were: Pulse 90, BP 112/70, and RR 16. Pupils-equal, skin-pink warm, and dry. What is the maximum amount of time an EMT can wait to obtain the next set of vital signs for this patient?