Mikki, an English language learner, has enrolled in a public school in Pennsylvania. She has a rich vocabulary in Japanese, but limited English. Research suggests that a student who has a rich vocabulary in her first language will probably __________.

Of the following, the best way to determine whether students’ spelling has improved is to ______.

The underlying meaning of a story is referred to as its __________.

Third-grade student Ella wrote the sentence, “It is to cold to go swimming.” Ella’s sentence shows that she has difficulty with __________.

During the first week of classes in September, a teacher assigned a Sketch-to-Stretch activity as homework and was disappointed with the results. Experienced teachers correctly advised him that __________.

The primary goal of spelling instruction should be to help children__________.

During writing workshop, teachers should_________.

When writing stories, 8-year-old Susan used a point of view that seemed all-knowing. She described her character’s thoughts. She used a(n) __________.

The best way to assess students’ knowledge of grammar is to _______.

Six-year-old Trey read the sentence, “The cow is in the pen.” He then picked up a blue pen (writing instrument) on his desk and asked his teacher, “How did the cow get in the pen?” This example shows that Trey did not understand that words __________.