27. Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving innervation from?  a.   both sensory and motor neuronsb.    both autonomic and somatic nevous systemc.    both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systemd.    both spinal and cranial nervese.    both peripheral and central nervous systems  

26.  Which statement below, regarding motor control development, is FALSE? a.   cerebral cortex is the primary voluntary motor control mechanism at birthb.    the brain continues to grow for many years as neurons developc.    millions of neurons establish trillions of synapses over timed.    peripheral nerve myelination occurs through pubertye.    the diencephalon & brain stem direct motor activity in infants  

7.  Hot and cold sensation that lasts a short time is an example of? a.   referred or abnormal sensation phantom adaptation b.    tonic receptor stimulationc.    fluctuating primary motor cortex sensationd.    rapid adaptation & tonic receptione.    fast adaptation & phasic reception  

4.  Four of the five receptors listed below are tactile receptors (touch, pressure, temperature).      What receptor listed below is NOT a tactile receptor? a.   nerve endings (dendrites) in the superficial skin that detect fine touch  b.   nocieptors that detect pain c.   merkel disc’s on the surface of the skin that detect hot or cold d.   ruffini corpuscles deep in the skin that detect crude touch e.   root hairs which can detect a bug walking in your hair    

34. Which organs listed below are innervated by lumbar “pelvic nerves” of the sympathetic NS? a.    stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas & gall bladderb.    salivary glands & pupils of the eyec.    kidneys,  bladder & reproductive organsd.    heart & lungse.   skeletal muscle of the lumbo-sacral plexus

19.  Name the phenonomen where different organs share the same pathways resulting in false        or abnormal sensations?   (only one choice has all three correct answers) a.   phony pain, fake pain, & referred pain b.    deferred pain, phantom pain, & abnormal sensationsc.    cortical pain, referred pain, & phantom paind.    stagnant pain, referred pain & phantom paine.   phantom pain, abnormal sensations & referred pain  

38. Name the specialized cells of the sympathetic nervous system, that are located in the       adrenal medulla, that release “adrenergic” neurotransmitters into the bloodstream? a.   pyramidal cellsb.   adrenergic synapsesc.   cholinergic synapsesd.    neuro-endocrine cells e. adrenal cortex cells

5.   Which type of general sense receptor can be stimulated by several different types of stimuli       such as heat, chemicals, pressure, & electricity? a.   thermoreceptorsb.   nocieptorsc.    chemo-receptorsd.    hearing receptorse.    sight receptors

14.  If an individual has an injury to the lumbar plexus of the spinal cord that causes a loss of        feeling & sensation (numbness) in the lower limbs but movement is normal, this could        reveal an injury to? a.   the spino-thalamic pathway at L2b.    the rubro-spinal pathway at L2c.    the tacto-spinal pathway at L2d.    the cortico-spinal pathway at L2e.    the vestibule-spinal pathway at L2

13.  Four of the five pathways listed below are descending motor pathways associated with the        “extra-pyramidal” system which involuntarily controls skeletal muscle. Which descending        motor pathway below is the only pyramidal system pathway listed? a.   vestibulo-spinal pathway originating in the cerebellumb.    cortico-spinal pathway originating in the primary motor cortexc.    rubro-spinal pathway originating in the cerebellumd.    tecto-spinal pathway originating in the mesencephalone.    reticulo-spinal pathway originating in the brain stem