Approximately what percentage of laboratory testing is likely wasteful according to a meta-analysis?

What commonly used laboratory test is an example where undersampling is a significant risk?

Which of the following is cited as an appropriate exception to Rule 2 (“Laboratory testing is for sick people”)?

What theorem posits that the post-test probability of something being true is a product of the prior probability and the likelihood ratio?

Heat exchangers often consist of many triangular passages. Consider the triangular duct shown in the figure with:   L=62.0 cm a=2.0 cm, β=80 deg L = 52.0\ \text{cm}, \qquad a = 2.0\ \text{cm}, \qquad \beta = 80^\circ The average fluid velocity is V=2.0 m/sV = 2.0\ \text{m/s} The fluid is SAE 10 oil at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C}, with properties ρ=870 kg/m3,μ=0.104 kg/(m.s)\rho = 870\ \text{kg/m}^3, \qquad \mu = 0.104\ \text{kg/(m\cdot s)} Estimate the pressure drop Δp\Delta p in Pa through the triangular passage.      

The system shown consists of: 1200 m1200\ \text{m} of 5 cm cast-iron pipe Two 45∘45^\circlong-radius elbows Four 90∘90^\circ flanged long-radius elbows One fully open flanged globe valve A sharp exit into a reservoir The elevation at: z1=380m,z2=500 m Flow rate: Q=0.005 m3/sQ = 0.005\ \text{m}^3/\text{s} For water at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C}:  density =998 Kg/m3,    dynamic viscosity kg/m.s For cast iron: ε=0.26 mm.  Given: f≈0.0315f \approx 0.0315 Determine the required gage pressure at point 1 in MPa.  

Air at 20∘C20^\circ C  and 1 atm flows at U=5.80 m/s past plate.  At position (x,y) = (5cm, 5mm), use the Karman parabolic velocity profile to estimate: Local velocity u  Local shear stress τ  Which pair correctly represents (u, τ)?

Air at  20^\circ C20 C and 1 atm flows at 64.0 ft/s past a thin flat plate. The plate area is bL= 36.0 ft2. If the total friction drag is 0.3 lbf, determine the length L and width b of the plate.   Which pair correctly represents the plate dimensions (L,b)?

Air at 20 C and 1 atm flows at 3.00 m/s past a sharp flat plate of length 1.00 m and width 2 m.   Which pair correctly represents: (1) the wall shear stress at the end of the plate, and (2) the velocity y= 4.5 mm normal to the to the plate at the trailing edge?

Water flows upward in a 6 cm-diameter pipe at a velocity of 4 m/s. The pipe length between points (1) and (2) is 5 m, and point (2) is 3 m higher than point (1). A mercury manometer connected between points (1) and (2) shows a reading of: h = 25 mmwith pressure at point (1)  higher than at point (2). Given:   γHg=133,100 N/m3,γw=9,790 N/m3 Determine the head loss hf in meters. hint: use Bernoulli equation to calculate pressure drop then calculate the head losses.