The patient is 52 year-old man with long-standing diabetes and thin renal cortex on the ultrasound. Given the following data, what most properly explains the patient’s hemoglobin concentration? 

An elderly frail woman has fever, dysuria, nausea, vomiting and flank pain. The urinalysis demonstrates pyuria, white blood cell casts, hematuria, positive leukocyte esterase and gram-negative rods on Gram stain. What should next be done immediately in terms of her medical management?

What are the the unique and specific staining characteristics and molecular structure of all forms of amyloid?

Which one of the following factors oppose glomerular filtration in healthy humans?

A 74-year old man presents in the emergency room with weakness, back pain and decreased urinary output. His calcium is 13.2 mg/dL (Reference interval: 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL). The serum creatinine is 1.9 mg/dL (reference interval: 0.5-1.2 mg/dL). His hemoglobin is 11 g/dL (reference interval: 12.5-16.5 g/dL). Two days later a renal biopsy is performed (see image). What is the most likely underlying pathogenesis of this disorder? 

A 7 y/o girl presents with hypertension. Her father and paternal grandmother developed hypertension before age 20. The AM laboratory studies are presented when she is receiving no medications. Previously DOC (desoxycorticosterone) was reported as within the reference interval. Abdominal CT is negative for adrenal masses. Based on these data, of the following choices, what is the most likely cause of the patient’s hypertension? 

What is the major site for the regulation of renal potassium excretion?

A 32-year old male develops persistent hematuria. A renal biopsy is performed. Light microscopy shows mild mesangial hypercellularity. The image shows a representative image of immunofluorescence staining for IgA. Which statement is true concerning this condition? 

A 68-year old previously healthy male presents with a several week history of weight loss and malaise. Laboratory studies reveal increased serum creatinine and markedly increased urinary protein (14 grams/24hours). Monoclonal light chains are detected in the urine. A renal biopsy is performed (see H&E image). IF and EM are being performed. What would be the next best procedure to perform on the biopsy section to make the diagnosis? 

Anatomically where do medications in clinical use that treat hyperphosphatemia have their effect to reduce the patient’s phosphate levels in their blood?