Which of the following is not a good reason for implementing a pilot study prior to the conduct of a randomized controlled trial?

Many popular news stories have covered the “replicability crisis” in science, noting how many research studies describe effects that cannot be later reproduced by other research teams. Initially focused largely on social psychology and related social science fields, this issue has now spread across the fields of medicine and public health. Which of the following practices is least likely to contribute to this problem?

Phenomenology is primarily focused on which of the following?

Which of the following biases are most affected by study recruitment protocols that employ nonprobability methods?

Of the following observational designs, which is the best for studying very rare health conditions?

Scientific rigor must be balanced by careful adherence to a code of research ethics. This includes respect for the word “no” when someone is asked to be in a study. In this regard, which concern (shown below) is the most likely aspect of rigor that may be sacrificed to protect ethics in research?

A researcher is interested in studying how adults attending alcoholics anonymous (AA) groups provide support to one another. This researcher decides to attend AA meetings in their community. When they arrive, they announce that they are a researcher and would like to attend/take notes, but that they will not take part in the groups themselves. What role is this researcher playing?

Why is randomization used in “true” experiments?

You are interested in examining the efficacy of an intervention designed to improve nutrition education in low-income teen mothers. Which of the following study designs would be the best to use when trying to answer this question?

A researcher designs a randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of a physical activity intervention on sleep quality. Participants are asked to rate sleep duration and sleep quality using a validated measure at a pretest visit, are randomized to attend either 3 exercises classes (intervention) or health education classes (control) each week for 3 months, and are then asked to return for a posttest assessment where they again rate their sleep duration and sleep quality using the same validated measure. In this study, what is the between-subjects factor?