37. ___ Older bacterial cells are not affected by penicillin because they utilize different enzymatic pathways.

28. Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except

22. The function of the dideoxynucleotides (dd) that are used in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is to

35. ___ Saccharomyces cerevisiae  is commonly used in industry as an eukaryotic cloning host.

47-50: Match the antibiotic with the correct mode of action 

32. ___   Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work very well in controlling bacterial infections because humans must get folic acid from their diet.

17. Your lab partner has mixed a dead tryptophan (+) strain of Bacillus subtilis with a live tryptophan (-) strain and observes that her B. subtilis culture is now tryptophan (+).  The most likely explanation for this is:

8. The mRNA codon that would be produced from a segment of DNA containing the bases TACGATCGA is

3. All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except: 

23. Which PCR step synthesizes complimentary DNA strands?