Match the Following – Diabetes Terms

Languages never have phonological rules which make reference to Onset, Nucleus, or Coda in the environment of the rule.

In the assigned Phonology reading, which of the following were mentioned as issues that complicate the task of a young child who is in the process of acquiring a spoken language for the first time?

There is set of universal Phonotactic Constraints which are identical in all human languages. For example, no language allows the segment [ŋ] or the sequence [nd] to occur in an Onset.

Here are three phonological rules from a made-up language “Bijin.” Bijin has the following phonetic sound inventory: Consonants: [b d dʒ f g k l m n ŋ p s t tʃ v z] Vowels: [ɑ e i o u ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ]                           Rule 1: voiced obstruent –> voiceless / __#                         Rule 2: alveolar stop –> post-alveolar affricate / __ front vowel                         Rule 3: tense vowel –> lax / in unstressed syllables           Answer the five questions below about how you would fill in the derivation chart for this Bijin word: [ˈledʊm] 1. What is the Underlying Form of this word? [UF] 2. What changes are made to this word by Rule 1? [Rule-1] 3. What changes are made to this word by Rule 2? [Rule-2] 4. What changes are made to this word by Rule 3? [Rule-3] 5. What is the Surface Form of this word? [SF]

Consider the data below from the made-up language “Risola.” Compare the sounds [ p t k ] with [ ɸ s x ]. These sounds are allophones in this language. (Note: [ x ] is a voiceless oral velar fricative, and [ ɸ ] is a voiceless oral bilabial fricative.)           pasohto         ‘life’                        tutʃap           ‘decision’           obalde           ‘reach’                    boxalti          ‘group’                   diɸempa        ‘necessary’            mixo             ‘refusal’           oklasa           ‘reminder’               lisaŋk             ‘coat’           temip            ‘return’                    deɸugon         ‘suggestion’ 1. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of [ p t k ]?  [p-environments] 2. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of [ ɸ s x ]?  [f-environments] 3. What is the phonological rule that accounts for the distribution of [ p t k ] and [ ɸ s x ]? [rule] –> [structural-change] / [environment] 4. What type of rule is this?  [rule-type] 5. Here is a hypothetical Risola word with one segment missing: [ ibu_e ]. Can you predict whether [ t ] or [ s ] would appear in the blank? [prediction]

Consider the data below from the made-up language “Qapa.” Compare the sounds [ k ] and [ q ]. (Note: [ q ] is a voiceless oral uvular stop.)                    qal              ‘road’                    deʃaq          ‘prevent’                    uqut            ‘bet’                     taʃoku         ‘listener’                    kupeʃ          ‘different’             namoqu      ‘emotion’                    kal              ‘distance’              ukut            ‘grandson’                    deʃak          ‘luck’                    paloq          ‘ring’ 1. Are [ k ] and [ q ] separate phonemes in Qapa, or are they allophones of the same phoneme? [phonemic-status] 2. What is the distribution of [ k ] and [ q ] in Qapa? [distribution] 3. Is there a minimal pair relevant to the distribution of [k ] and [ q ] in this dataset? [minimal-pair] 4. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of [ k ]? Choose N/A if these sounds do not have complementary environments. [k-environments] 5. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of [ q ]? Choose N/A if these sounds do not have complementary environments. [q-environments] 6. What is the phonological rule that accounts for the distribution of [ k ] and [ q ]? Choose N/A if there is no rule. [rule] 7. What type of rule is this? Choose N/A if there is no rule. [rule-type] 8. Here is a hypothetical Qapa word with one segment missing: [ _olop ]. Can you predict which of the two sounds would appear in the blank? [prediction]

There is set of universal Phonotactic Constraints which are identical in all human languages. For example, no language allows the segment [ŋ] or the sequence [nd] to occur in an Onset.

Analyze the syllable structure of the following English word, and then answer the three questions about parts of the syllable. [ a ɹ g j u m ɛ n t ]   1. What part of the syllable is the sound [ ɹ ] in? [Syllable1] 2. What part of the syllable is the sound [ u ] in? [Syllable2] 3. What part of the syllable is the sound [ j ] in? [Syllable3]

Consider the data below from the made-up language “Guna.” Compare the vowels [ u ɯ o ɑ ] with their nasalized counterparts. The oral and nasal vowels are allophones in this language. (Note: [ ɯ ] is a high back tense unrounded vowel.)           gunɑsi           ‘traveler’                 mɯ̃nɑlɑ                   ‘farmer’           mũnɑlo          ‘plot of land’           mõminɑ                   ‘friction’                 bɯnɑ͂mu        ‘salvation’               nenɑ͂ndo                  ‘free will’           umɑ͂ni           ‘executor’                ɑmobomɯʃ              ‘water’           ɯmõno          ‘desert’                   nɯ̃m                       ‘brother’ 1. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of [ u ɯ o ɑ ]?  [oral-environments] 2. What are the conditioning environments relevant to the complementary distribution of the nasal vowels?  [nasal-environments] 3. What is the phonological rule that accounts for the distribution of these vowels? [structural-description] –> [structural-change] / [environment] 4. What type of rule is this? [rule-type] 5. Here is a hypothetical Guna word with one segment missing: [ ib_ŋo ]. Can you predict whether [ u ] or [ ũ ] would appear in the blank? [prediction]