A 45-year-old man presents two weeks after kidney transplant with rising creatinine and graft tenderness. Which immune mechanism explains this?

A 71-year-old man with chronic kidney disease presents with edema and shortness of breath. Which mechanism best explains his volume overload?

A 63-year-old man with chronic hepatitis develops hepatocellular carcinoma. Which cellular change best explains the malignant transformation?

A 10-year-old boy presents with recurrent respiratory infections and chronic diarrhea. Lab testing shows absent T-cells and B-cells. Which mechanism best explains his condition?

A 60-year-old woman presents with new-onset difficulty breathing and fatigue. Chest X-ray reveals a mediastinal mass compressing the thymus. Which immune process could be impaired?

A 48-year-old man presents with a lung mass. Biopsy shows poorly differentiated epithelial cells with irregular nuclei. Which cellular change explains the findings?

A 58-year-old man presents with weight loss, hemoptysis, and a lung mass. Biopsy shows malignant epithelial cells spreading into lymphatic vessels. Which cellular process explains the spread of his cancer?

A 42-year-old woman presents with muscle cramps and tingling around her mouth after thyroidectomy. Serum calcium is 7.0 mg/dL (normal 8.8–10.3). Which mechanism explains her symptoms?

A 67-year-old woman presents with confusion and serum sodium of 155 mEq/L (normal 135–145). Which process explains her neurological symptoms?

A 44-year-old woman presents with chronic joint pain and dry eyes. Lab testing is positive for anti-SSA/Ro antibodies. Which immune process explains her disease?