Memos and letters are intended to inform; briefs are intended to persuade.

A good strategy for dealing with an authority unfavorable to your case is to distinguish it from your case to show that it does not apply.

 Consider the scenario shown below, in which HTTP servers reside in the upper network, and  HTTP clients (browsers) reside in the lower network.  Each server connects to the upper router via a link of capacity Rs; each client connects to the lower router via a link of capacity Rc.  The two routers connect to each other via a link of capacity RI.  Suppose an HTTP client makes a request to a web server (say the leftmost webserver).  The client has never before communicated with this server. You can assume, however, that the client host knows the IP address of the server. How many round trip times (RTTs) are needed from when the client first makes the request to when the base page is completely downloaded, assuming the time needed by the server to transmit the base file into the server’s link is equal to 1/2 RTT and that the time needed to transmit the HTTP GET into the client’s link is zero?  (You should take into account any TCP setup time required before the HTTP GET is actually sent by the client,  the time needed for the server to transmit the requested object, and any propagation delays are already included in the RTT.) 

Consider the scenario shown below, with 20 different servers (four shown) connected to 20 different clients over ten three-hop paths. The pairs share a common middle hop with a transmission capacity of R = 200 Mbps. Each link from a server has to the shared link has a transmission capacity of RS = 50 Mbps. Each link from the shared middle link to a client has a transmission capacity of RC = 25 Mbps. What is the maximum achievable end-end throughput (in Mbps, give an integer value) for each of ten client-to-server pairs, assuming that the middle link is fairly shared and all servers are trying to send at their maximum rate?

Define ‘al dente’ in relation to pasta cookery.

Basic proportions for boiling long grain white rice are

In general, pressure steaming cooks vegetables faster than simmering.

Kasha is an ancient variety of wheat.

What are the steps in the procedure for batch-cooking vegetables? For what kind of meal service is this method usually used?

The type of rice that holds its shape best after cooking is _______________.