Which design choice most directly trades durability for cost reduction in ingestion systems?

Why does the Kappa architecture fundamentally change how historical queries are executed?

What is the most subtle correctness risk of using CDC + Fast Follower pipelines for analytics?

Which tradeoff best distinguishes materialized views from data federation?

Which legal framework governs multinational patent filing through a centralized application system?

A company allows users to access and delete personal data but continues analytics on anonymized aggregates. Which GDPR right is being respected?

Which ethical risk is MOST directly raised by data matching across independent databases?

Question 4d: To achieve their study objective authors mention that they used “[t]wo estimands — the treatment policy estimand (… with effects assessed regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue intervention) and the trial product estimand (effects assessed if the drug or placebo was taken as intended) — … to assess treatment efficacy from different perspectives and accounted for intercurrent events and missing data differently.” What are the two types of analyses they conducted? Briefly (1-2 sentences) describe how these different analytic approaches impact bias and validity of the results. 

In the bottled water category, multiple brands source and purify water using nearly identical processes. However, consumers are willing to pay significantly more for Fiji or Smartwater than for a private-label grocery store brand, even though the functional product differences are minimal.  

A direct-to-consumer mattress brand uses a short three-note sonic logo at the end of every podcast ad instead of a lyrical jingle. This reflects which industry shift?