Most Arabs were city dwellers and mainly merchants.

The Arabian Nights describes the extravagant behavior of the Abbasid caliph:

Sexual relations within upper class Muslim society around the year 1000 differed from classical Greek and Roman patterns because:

As outlined in the Republic, Plato’s ideal form of government is best described as:

In Byzantine schools, classical Greek literature was:

In comparison to the Umayyad, the Abbasid caliphate:

Outside Sicily, Venice, and Spain, few Europeans knew Arabic, Greek, or Latin.

In terms of geography and natural resources, the Italian peninsula:

In portraying the human body, Hellenistic sculptors favored:

Muslim art is most strikingly different from the Byzantine, Persian, and Hellenistic models upon which it drew: