Pick only the one you know best (or none will be graded) AND please start your answer with the question number chosen OPTION A. Describe in about 12-15 clear logical bullet-list sentences how we see via phototransduction (the visual cycle) starting with a photon hitting a rod in the retina, and ending at the back of the brain, i.e., explain what happens going from dark to light. For full credit, need the complete mechanistic step-by-step details including photoreceptor cell components, receptors/receptor types, second messengers and their amplifier & degradative enzymes, channels/ions, and NTs, as well as the relevant associated sensory neurons, CNs and cerebral cortical regions involved. Only need to include relevant anatomic structures essential to describe function.  OR OPTION B. You are on an emergency room (ER) rotation at a local emergency department (ED) when the emergency medical service (EMS) workers bring in a patient whom has lost consciousness. You eventually determine radiologically that they had suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker (usually due to high cerebral blood pressure), and can ultimately burst, negatively impacting the brain areas it normally supplies in a controlled manner. Sometimes unfortunately permanent neurological damage results. Bi. If your patient wakes up and they seem to have all of their normal functions and cognitive abilities intact based on your assessment, except they are blind (anopia), then based on that list out the following: What one lobe of the dorsal part of the brain was most likely damaged? 0.5 pts. What one CN nucleus was most likely damaged (need name + number)? 0.5 pts. Bii. If instead of blindness they could see normally but voluntary control of eye movement via extraocular or extrinsic eye (skeletal) muscles was abnormal, then based on that list out the following: What 2 regions of the brainstem and 1 region of the cerebral cortex were most likely damaged? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each). Accordingly, what 3 CN nuclei were most likely damaged (need names and numbers) with respect to the above brainstem damage? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each).

Respiratory Care Case Question Part 1 of 3. Use the following information to answer this question: Your patient today in the emergency department presented with severe diarrhea. They had an ABG procedure performed in their distal radial artery and the results show normal PCO2 levels, high H+ levels/low pH and low bicarbonate levels. Answer the following based on everything you learned about the carbonic anhydrase (CA)–mediated buffer reaction and the regulatory control of ventilation via respiratory chemoreceptor reflexes (including the peripheral ones at the carotid and aortic bodies as well as the central ones in the medulla oblongata): Based on the ABG results, what type of pathological acid-base disturbance is the patient suffering from (hint: it is the opposite of what’s seen in severe vomiting)?

If you were to sum a patient’s inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes and also add the tidal volume, this would give you a lung capacity measurement called:

You have an adult patient suspected to be in metabolic acidemia, AKA acidosis. If they were in the process of compensating, then you would expect (hyperventilation OR hypoventilation). If the patient was instead suspected to be in respiratory acidosis, and they were in the process of renal compensation, then you would expect their kidneys to be (reabsorbing OR excreting) bicarbonate.

During the sympathetic fight or flight response one would expect the smooth muscle of the lung bronchioles to ___________.

The ____________nerve (give name NOT number) is the major source of parasympathetic (craniosacral) outflow.

True or False? The term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a very specific term that is synonymous with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA).

You are charged with helping to take care of the patient who is deteriorating from a glioblastoma, AKA glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or a grade IV astrocytoma, which is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer. It’s a fast-growing tumor that can spread within the brain and to other parts of the body (metastasis) in the median survival is only about a year after diagnosis with standard treatment. The most recent imaging of your patient shows that the tumor invaded and destroyed the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the most recent lab work is showing he is hypernatremic and he has hyposthenuria, where the urine has a relatively low osmolarity due to inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine normally. The attending physician submits an order to for you to start intravenous administration of the drug desmopressin (a synthetic analog of vasopressin, AKA antidiuretic hormone). Taking all this together, from the options below, which is a disease that mostly likely could have developed based on the HPI (history of present illness), recent test results, and the medication order?

Venous blood arrive to the _____ atrium via the CS, SVC and IVC, then passes through the _____ valve to enter the _____ ventricle where it then goes through the pulmonary semilunar valve to enter the pulmonary trunk which splits into the pulmonary ______.

True or False? The type of hypertension which has no clear cause other than being hereditary is primary (essential) hypertension and accounts for about 90-95% of cases. Whereas, the type of hypertension that is due to an underlying pathology is called secondary hypertension and accounts for the other 5-10% of cases.