Pick only the one you know best (or none will be graded) AND…
Pick only the one you know best (or none will be graded) AND please start your answer with the question number chosen OPTION A. Describe in about 12-15 clear logical bullet-list sentences how we see via phototransduction (the visual cycle) starting with a photon hitting a rod in the retina, and ending at the back of the brain, i.e., explain what happens going from dark to light. For full credit, need the complete mechanistic step-by-step details including photoreceptor cell components, receptors/receptor types, second messengers and their amplifier & degradative enzymes, channels/ions, and NTs, as well as the relevant associated sensory neurons, CNs and cerebral cortical regions involved. Only need to include relevant anatomic structures essential to describe function. OR OPTION B. You are on an emergency room (ER) rotation at a local emergency department (ED) when the emergency medical service (EMS) workers bring in a patient whom has lost consciousness. You eventually determine radiologically that they had suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker (usually due to high cerebral blood pressure), and can ultimately burst, negatively impacting the brain areas it normally supplies in a controlled manner. Sometimes unfortunately permanent neurological damage results. Bi. If your patient wakes up and they seem to have all of their normal functions and cognitive abilities intact based on your assessment, except they are blind (anopia), then based on that list out the following: What one lobe of the dorsal part of the brain was most likely damaged? 0.5 pts. What one CN nucleus was most likely damaged (need name + number)? 0.5 pts. Bii. If instead of blindness they could see normally but voluntary control of eye movement via extraocular or extrinsic eye (skeletal) muscles was abnormal, then based on that list out the following: What 2 regions of the brainstem and 1 region of the cerebral cortex were most likely damaged? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each). Accordingly, what 3 CN nuclei were most likely damaged (need names and numbers) with respect to the above brainstem damage? 1.5 pts (0.5 pts each).
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