Under the ordinary common law, a modification of an existing contract is generally enforceable only if it is supported by:

A mistake pertaining to a fact going to the very existence or essential nature of the subject matter of a contract is called:

The knowing element of fraud (often called scienter) is satisfied when the misrepresenting party:

A mutual mistake by both parties as to a material fact bearing on the very subject matter of the agreement generally renders the contract:

A homeowner hires a licensed electrician to rewire her home. The electrician’s negligent work causes a fire that damages a neighbor’s property. The neighbor sues the homeowner. The neighbor’s claim against the homeowner will most likely:

Undue influence in contract formation arises when:

Susanna rescues Larry from drowning. After regaining consciousness, Larry promises to pay her $500 for her efforts. Under the traditional common law:

Under res ipsa loquitur, a presumption of negligence may arise when:

The doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies generally requires that:

The federal court system is structured in three principal levels. From the lowest trial level upward, these are: