__________________  claimed that people will never live decent lives (in the “state of nature”) without the imposition of morality upon the culture by a social contract enforced by a Leviathan (king or government).  Humans have to come together to invent rules of morality (right and wrong) and give people power to keep us from living in a wild, “survival of the fittest,” world that is “nasty, brutish, and short,” where we are always watching our backs in fear of death.

Friedrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand’s perspective claims that we have an inalienable right to seek our own happiness and fulfillment.  . Both of them argued that the following could deny us that right according to their philosophies?

“If a man accepts the ethics of altruism, his first concern is not how to live his life, but how to sacrifice it. . . . Altruism erodes men’s capacity to grasp the value of an individual life; it reveals a mind from which the reality of a human being has been wiped out. . . . Altruism holds death as its ultimate goal and standard of value–and it is logical that renunciation, resignation, self-denial, and every other form of suffering, including self-destruction, are the virtue of its advocates.” Which “egoist” philosopher (who also loved Aristotle and wanted a flourishing, peaceful society) wrote this? 

According to English Philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, all altruistic actions and behaviors done by human beings are really at their core disguised acts of __________________.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900) wrote that humans should strive to satisfy our own will to power even if we exploit and dominate others, because others would:

2023-2024  – Israel/Hamas War .  Many Americans are surprised of all of the Anti-Semitism and support for Hamas (and the October 7, 2023 attacks that involved the massacre of families in Israel and beheadings and rape and necrophilia and the burning of babies and kidnapping civilians) in academia by professors and students. Philosophers are well aware of the different worldviews that would endorse these actions that common-sense persons and Kantian ethics that innocent civilians should never be brutalized.   .  Which of the following worldview beliefs WOULD NOT justify the 7 October 2023 attacks on Israeli civilians? 

Aristotle divided the virtues into _________ virtues and ___________ virtues.  (choose 2) See Book I.13 1103a1- 10 (pp. 21 – 22) and Book VI

Aristotle holds that you cannot have full virtue/excellence of character without practical wisdom (or, phronesis).  He also claims that you cannot have practical wisdom, or phronesis, without virtue/excellence of character.   See Book II.6 1107a1 – 10 (p. 31 in Oxford Ed.)  See Book VII.1  Book VI.3 1103910 – 1145a12 (pp. 104 – 117)

This is the science of knowledge, or the branch of philosophy that talks about (among other things) the sources of justication for our beliefs. 

This is the branch of philosophy that talks about how we should live and the Good (Values), the rules of right and wrong (Morality); and good and bad character traits (Virtues and Vices).