The amino acid sequences shown in the following table were obtained from the central region of a particular polypeptide chain in the wild-type (WT) and several mutant bacterial strains (the whole protein is not shown, just an internal segment of it). Each mutant strain has a point mutation in the gene that produces the polypeptides listed in the table. Each mutant strain depicted contains only one mutation. A blank box indicates no amino acid codon exists in that position.   For each of the mutants, fill in the table below indicating what kind of mutation has occurred: missense, nonsense, synonymous, or frameshift, and in which codon (1-9) the mutation occurred. You do not need to distinguish between conservative and nonconservative missense mutations. Type of mutation Codon where mutation occurred Mutant 1 [answer1] [answer2] Mutant 2 [answer3] [answer4] Mutant 3 [answer5] [answer6] Mutant 4 [answer7] [answer8] Mutant 5 [answer9] [answer10]

From one F+ strain of E. coli, three distinct Hfr strains were derived (Hfr1, Hfr2, and Hfr3). All three Hfr strains were independently crossed to an F- strain. The first five markers transferred during these matings were:                          Hfr1: AFCED                            Hfr2: CEDBH                            Hfr3: AGHBD Which of the following must be the order of the genes on the bacterial chromosome?

For the mutant described in the last question, what is the fewest number of supplements you could provide to this mutant that would allow it to grow?

Despite high rates of spontaneous mutation at the sites described in the last question, E. coli continue to engage in cytosine methylation at these sites, indicating that methylation of this site is more important to cell survival than the potential damage of DNA mutation. Briefly, explain why you think E. coli do not abolish this methylation activity.

A linear DNA molecule has “n” number of EcoRI sites. How many DNA fragments will be produced after digestion with EcoRI? (note: “digestion” means being cut)

Gene H encodes an important protein involved in detecting sound. Individuals with an hh genotype have normal hearing. Individuals with an Hh genotype have an 85% lifetime risk of developing sudden, complete hearing loss. The H allele can be said to be….

A fragment of DNA has been submitted for Sanger sequencing and sequencing gel is shown below. What must have been the sequence of the original (template) strand of this fragment?

Which term refers to a muscle’s ability to respond to a stimulus?

IN YOU OWN WORDS, outline the four steps of muscle contraction.  Name the steps and include the major events.

Which term refers to a muscle’s ability to “snap back” or recoil after being stretched?