The infraorbital foramen is usually seen in maxillary posterior periapical images.

The amount of radiation that ionizes one cubic centimeter of air is called a Roentgen.

Short Answer 2 (10 pts. total) Kaley has been taking training classes with her dog Tate, a Labrador retriever.  She has gotten very interested in operant conditioning, and has decided to try teaching Tate a trick that involves him swimming out to a platform in the family’s pool and retrieving a plastic ring.  Training goes so well with Tate that Kaley, feeling ambitious, decides to train her cat, Panko, the same trick. a.  If you were a classic comparative psychologist, what would you predict about how easy it will be for Kaley to teach Panko the trick? Explain your answer.  (5 pts.)   b.  If you were Martin Seligman, who introduced the concept of evolutionary preparedness, what would you predict about how easy it will be for Kaley to teach Panko the trick? Explain your answer.  (5 pts.)   PLEASE LABEL YOUR ANSWERS WITH (a) and (b).

Integrative 1 (20 pts. total) Suppose that females of songbird Species A exhibit variation in the number of eggs they lay during a typical breeding season. Average clutch size is 5, but females can lay anywhere between 3 and 7 eggs per clutch.    a.  Describe what will occur over time if disruptive selection operates on clutch size. (5 pts.)   b.  Name and describe one factor that will lead to continued variation in clutch size in the population, despite the occurrence of disruptive selection. (5 pts.)   Suppose that Species A is highly susceptible to a brood parasite, and you witness a female brood parasite about to lay in a nest of Species A.  The parasitic female removes two eggs from the nest, and lays two of her own that are almost identical in color and size to the original eggs.  However, when the nest owner returns, she inspects her nest and tosses the two parasitic eggs.   c.  How would a classic ethologist (e.g., Niko Tinbergen) interpret this situation? Describe how he would classify the overall behavioral behavior pattern of the Species A female, and how he would describe the components of her egg-tossing behavior.  (5 pts.)   d.  Suggest one explanation for the Species A female’s egg-tossing behavior that takes an immediate causation or mechanistic approach to the behavior (think of Tinbergen’s four questions). (5 pts.)   PLEASE LABEL YOUR ANSWERS WITH (a), (b), (c) and (d).      

Short Answer 3 (10 pts. total) Lemmings (subfamily Arvicolinae) are small rodents that live in the Arctic tundra.  They are known for extreme fluctuations in population size.  At high population densities, large numbers leave their homes to travel long distances.  In the course of their journey, many die, some by drowning as they attempt to swim across lakes and rivers.  One widely circulated explanation for their behavior is that the travelers are attempting to commit suicide to relieve pressure on their population.  If some die, the survivors will have something left to eat.   a.  Explain what type or level of selection this ‘suicide’ hypothesis uses to account for the lemmings’ behavior. (2 pts.)   b.  Evaluate the validity of this hypothesis, using the Far Side cartoon below to help you with your answer (note the little fellow on the far right of the picture). (8 pts.)     PLEASE LABEL YOUR ANSWERS WITH (a) and (b).            

  Do not use any unauthorized aids including lecture notes, formula sheet, calculators, dual devices, and other online resources. Do not work with other people. Do NOT disconnect webcam or Honorlock before you submit your work.   Stay in view of the camera Typing in your name in the box below signifies the following statement:      On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid doing this exam.

Students are required to do the following when submitting this work. Destroy scratch paper Agree not to share questions with other students   Remember that you won’t be able to see the questions after your submission.   If you like to go over any questions/issues, please make a 15-20 minutes appointment with us to go over them privately via Zoom.  Please rip up your scrap paper on camera so as to render it unreadable BEFORE you submit your work.   A penalty may be applied if you fail to do so.

What bond does the bourgeoisie leave between people?

What are the two great classes of modern society mentioned?

What is the function of the executive of the modern state, according to the text?