A 29-year-old man presents with chest pain and scrotal pain after lifting heavy objects. Exam reveals dilated scrotal veins that worsen with standing. Which process explains his condition?

A 9-year-old boy presents with hematuria two weeks after a sore throat. Labs: creatinine 1.6 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), RBC casts on urinalysis. Which process explains his condition?

A 62-year-old man presents with chronic back pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass invading the renal vein. Which process explains his malignancy?

A 38-year-old woman reports pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Pelvic exam reveals an enlarged, irregular uterus. Which process explains her condition?

A 6-year-old boy presents with facial puffiness and cola-colored urine. Labs: creatinine 2.2 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), urinalysis with RBC casts and proteinuria. Which process explains his condition?

A 50-year-old man presents with back pain, anemia, and hypercalcemia. Serum protein electrophoresis shows an M-spike. Bone marrow biopsy reveals clonal plasma cells. Which process explains his skeletal disease?

an approach to infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious.

elected or appointed official of a local community who may or may not have medical training and holds inquests concerning sudden, violent, and unexplained deaths.

A 34-year-old man presents with painful penile swelling after intercourse. Exam reveals inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. Which process explains his condition?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with renal vein invasion. Which process explains his condition?