Plasmid addiction is an amazing phenomenon. Please describe the plasmid addiction mechanism using the E. coli plasmid addiction system PhD and Doc.

During transformation, single-stranded DNA is translocated through the inner membrane.

CI is transcribed from which promoter?

Which of the following is TRUE about phage T4 early genes:

The common chemical structure present in methicillin and cephalosporin is _________________________________.   

Spore formation (sporulation) in B. subtilis is a last resort for survival.

How do antibiotics rifampin and ciprofloxacin kill bacteria? [2+2]

A bacteriostatic antibiotic is capable of lysing the bacterial cells.

Deamination lesions are specifically repaired by _________________________________. 

Both N and Q proteins are anti-termination factors.