How does metformin primarily work?   Reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis   Delays gastric emptying   Inhibits alpha-glucosidase   Stimulates insulin secretion 

What adverse effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?  Thyroid cancer   Hyperkalemia   Hypoglycemia   Genital mycotic infections 

What is a unique benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors?   Increased beta-cell proliferation   Suppression of glucagon release   Reduction in cardiovascular and renal events   Delayed carbohydrate absorption 

Inhaled anticholinergic medications improve airflow in patients with COPD through which primary mechanism?   Increasing surfactant production to improve alveolar expansion   Inhibiting leukotriene synthesis to decrease airway inflammation   Stimulating beta-2 receptors to directly relax bronchial smooth muscle   Blocking muscarinic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle to reduce bronchoconstriction 

Which drug class stimulates insulin secretion by blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels?   Thiazolidinediones   GLP-1 receptor agonists   SGLT2 inhibitors   Sulfonylureas 

What is a contraindication for metformin use?   Severe renal impairment   Peripheral neuropathy   Mild hepatic dysfunction   Heart rate abnormalities 

What is a major adverse effect of thiazolidinediones?   Hypoglycemia   GI intolerance   Vitamin B12 deficiency   Fluid retention 

Which adverse effect is most common with metformin?   Hyperinsulinemia   GI upset   Weight gain   Hypoglycemia 

Which drug class stimulates insulin secretion by blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels?   Thiazolidinediones   Sulfonylureas   SGLT2 inhibitors   GLP-1 receptor agonists 

Affects 50% of the population, best demonstrated on an UGI, many times produces no symptoms, but symptoms can include: esophagitis; stomach can lie within the thoracic cavity; the abnormality is an example of a