An active attack attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation.

As firms grow in size and complexity, they have a tendency and an incentive to focus on________, which can lead to inertia and even failure.

Monoalphabetic ciphers are easy to break because they reflect the frequency data of the original alphabet.

A __________ is a hardware and/or software capability that limits access between a network and device attached to the network, in accordance with a specific security policy.

__________ involves the passive capture of a data unit and its subsequent retransmission to produce an unauthorized effect.

Evaluate the following expressions [5 points] ((-140)*34) mod 12. [5 points] -85 mod -17 [5 points] gcd(3*n+1, 2*n+1) [5 points] (8754578508390739*7520981034536455976) mod 20

[10 points] List the five types of cryptanalytic attacks based on what is known to the attacker.

[20 points] Using the algorithm of calculating multiplicative inverse to find answers to the following two cases. (Your answer must show steps of calculations. A correct answer without calculation steps only earn 1 point.) (i) [10 points] 135 mod 61 (ii) [10 points] 7465 mod 2464

Two integers are __________ if their only common positive integer factor is 1.

[10 points] What are the two general approaches to attacking a cipher?