A 6-year-old boy presents with facial puffiness and cola-colored urine. Labs: creatinine 2.2 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), urinalysis with RBC casts and proteinuria. Which process explains his condition?

A 50-year-old man presents with back pain, anemia, and hypercalcemia. Serum protein electrophoresis shows an M-spike. Bone marrow biopsy reveals clonal plasma cells. Which process explains his skeletal disease?

an approach to infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious.

elected or appointed official of a local community who may or may not have medical training and holds inquests concerning sudden, violent, and unexplained deaths.

A 34-year-old man presents with painful penile swelling after intercourse. Exam reveals inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis. Which process explains his condition?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with renal vein invasion. Which process explains his condition?

A 41-year-old woman presents with infertility and severe dysmenorrhea. Pelvic ultrasound reveals ectopic endometrial tissue on the ovaries. Which process explains her condition?

A 32-year-old woman presents with severe dysmenorrhea and infertility. Laparoscopy reveals ectopic endometrial tissue on the ovaries. Which process explains her condition?

A 55-year-old man presents with progressive hearing loss in both ears. He denies pain. Audiogram shows symmetric high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Which process explains his condition?

A 29-year-old patient has episodic unilateral vision loss with eye pain (optic neuritis), and months later develops limb numbness and weakness that partially improves. MRI brain shows periventricular plaques; CSF has oligoclonal bands. Which process explains this disease?