Philip II learned the Greek way of war while being held hostage in the city-state of Thebes, later returning home to this northern Greek country to build the best army the world had yet seen

When the King of England, Edward the Confessor died, his brother-in-law Harold took the throne for himself instead of it passing to Edward’s named heir, this first cousin of his, who became enraged and raised an army to claim it himself

The fall of this city in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks ended an empire but also shifted the economic and political attention West towards the Atlantic, where it would stay for hundreds of years

Emperor Diocletian split the Roman empire into East and West, with Rome staying as the capital of the Western Empire, and this city serving as the capital of the East, though it hadn’t been named that yet:

The French victory in the Hundred Years War solidified the French Monarchy to become more and more powerful to the point that they began to assert their own authority over the clergy, which is known as what?

Richard III was defeated and killed by the army of Henry at the battle of Bosworth Field, which placed Henry on the throne of England and ended the Wars of the Roses

The victory at Grenada in January 1492 ended Muslim occupation of Spain and finally united that country under the powerful ruling duo of King Ferdinand and Queen

Joan of Arc helped to turn the tide of French fortunes in the Hundred Years War by rallying the armies and achieving victory at this city, before her later capture by the Burgundians and subsequent trial and execution by the English

King Richard of England fought this Muslim commander and political leader for years during the Third Crusade, with the war ending in a bloody stalemate and Richard eventually going to France to fight more wars

Caesar’s adopted son Octavian declared him a god, won the Roman Civil War, instituted the Pax Romana, and changed his name to what?