Bonus: Answers will be graded manually. How might energy and nutrient relations explain the lower population densities of birds compared to comparable-sized mammals?

Which of the following is occurring in this white oak population?  

Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge?

When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is very often around

Most heterotrophs use [carbon] as their carbon source and [energy] as their energy source.

__________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance.

Detritivores are [detritivores] that consume [food].

  Which line on this diagram represents an island close to the mainland? [close] Which line represents a small island? [small]  

Bonus: Explain the difference in time required for primary forest succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska and secondary succession in the North Carolina piedmont.

Which of the following organisms depend on mutualisms?