31. Michael Tonry says that many minor offenders are more harshly punished twice over…a.  first by the intermediate sanction, and second by the stigma attached to the sanctionb.  first by the intermediate sanction, and second by incarceration when the offender fails at meeting terms     of the sanctionc.  first by incarceration, and second by victimization once behind barsd.  none of the above

34.  Ordinal magnitude is the unknowable, single deserved punishment while cardinal magnitude indicates the crime’s seriousness relative to other crimes.a.  trueb.  false

11.  According to Marxists, egoism has a positive influence on reducing crime in an unjust society.a.  trueb.  false

27.  A modified desert model, according to Andrew von Hirsch, would permit deviation from proportionality in cases of the gravest risks of crime.a.  trueb.  false

42.  What is true about Morris’ approach to sentencing guidelines?a.  he wants a firm ceiling at the top end, and a broad gap down to the low endb.  he doesn’t believe desert can precisely define punishment, so he allows for other principles to fine-tune the sentence between the maximum and the minimumc.  he does not generally favor using rehabilitation as a reason to impose longer sentences or to extend sentencesd.  all of the above

29.  Tonry notes that although intermediate punishments were conceived to be offered in lieu of incarceration, many judges prefer to use intermediate punishments on offenders who would otherwise not be bound for prison.a.  trueb.  false

30.  Which below would be considered an intermediate punishment?a.  house arrestb.  intensive probationc.  boot campsd.  all of the above

26.  A “penal desert” demands…a.  eye for an eye punishmentb.  punishments be proportionate to the severity of the crimec.  all of the aboved.  none of the above

3.  Benefits and burdens theories are also known as social contract theories.a.  trueb.  false

1.  There are two major types of retributivist theories according to the textbook:  those which focus on how punishment is justified, and those which focus on practical questions about sentencing policy and what judges should do in individual cases.a.  trueb.  false