Which of the following hypoglycemic agents have been associated with weight loss?

Which of the following antihypertensive medications should not be used as a first-line treatment for a person with essential hypertension and no other medical conditions?  

A 52-year-old man who suffers from angina when he climbs stairs or participates in similar activities receives a prescription for nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate). He is instructed to take a tablet 1 or 2 minutes before he expects to climb stairs to prevent the angina. What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin that prevents angina from developing in this patient?

A 74-year-old man who self-describes himself as being African-American is taking metoprolol, losartan, furosemide, and digoxin to treat his heart failure. However, he still has some symptoms of heart failure. The most appropriate drug to add to this patient’s drugs is

An 83-year-old female patient whom you have followed for many years has just been admitted to a nursing home following a short hospitalization. Because of a steady decline in function and lack of family and social support, you and the patient have come to the realization that she can no longer safely live alone in her home and her needs were too great for assisted living. Her medical problems include: heart failure, chronic atrial fibrillation, osteoarthritis, and depression. Her current medications are: warfarin, furosemide, acetaminophen, calcium carbonate, lisinopril, metoprolol, and fluoxetine. Both the patient and the nursing staff report poor sleep and depressed mood for the last 2 weeks, and the nurses are asking for a sleep aid. What is the best next step in the management of her insomnia? 

An 83-year-old female patient whom you have followed for many years has just been admitted to a nursing home following a short hospitalization. Because of a steady decline in function and lack of family and social support, you and the patient have come to the realization that she can no longer safely live alone in her home and her needs were too great for assisted living. Her medical problems include: heart failure, chronic atrial fibrillation, osteoarthritis, and depression. Her current medications are: warfarin, furosemide, acetaminophen, calcium carbonate, lisinopril, metoprolol, and fluoxetine. Both the patient and the nursing staff report poor sleep and depressed mood for the last 2 weeks, and the nurses are asking for a sleep aid. What is the best next step in the management of her insomnia? 

A 46-year-old woman has a urinary tract infection which has become a systemic infection with fever and lethargy. Nitrofurantoin, an effective urinary antiseptic, would not be recommend for her treatment because

A patient with type 2 diabetes is taking metformin.  The fasting glucose levels are in range, but the posprandial glucose is uncontrolled.  All of the following drugs would be appropriate to add to the metformin to target postprandial glucose except: 

Which of the following hypoglycemic agents have been associated with weight loss?

KD is a 63-year-old, 77-kg male with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. He is dependent on hemodialysis, and he receives dialysis every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Over the past 6 months, he has become more fatigued overall, and tires much more easily during his daily activities. Therapy was initiated with oral ferrous sulfate 325 mg 3 times daily, but KD’s symptoms have not improved. Over the last two weeks, his hemoglobin and hematocrit levels have been low, and he has required two blood transfusions (one each week) after the Wednesday dialysis sessions. His nephrologist is initiating erythropoietin 8000 units subcutaneously every Wednesday. Which factor(s) is (are) critical to consider prior to initiation of erythropoietin therapy?