Some women undergo hormone therapy to alleviate the symptoms of menopause. This therapy consists of estrogen supplementation. Based on what you know about the role of sex hormones in cognition, what would you expect to find regarding memory abilities in women who have undergone long-term hormone therapy?

The graph below shows the steps of the action potential. Which of the events below is happening during the step marked with a “B”?  

Researchers have discovered a new type of toxin found in the venom of a South American scorpion. They name it leirotoxin after the scorpion in which it was discovered. When testing the effects of leirotoxin on the resting potential of neurons, they discover that it causes the neurons to become much less polarized at rest. When testing the effects of leirotoxin on the action potential, they discover that it prevents voltage-gated sodium ion channels from closing. Based on what you learned in the Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission module, explain the following in about 2 sentences each: How leirotoxin would affect the value of the membrane potential  How leirotoxin would affect the action potential (what steps/phases would be affected?)

A group of researchers is studying the effects of damage to a part of the mesencephalon on voluntary movement in rats. They are most likely studying the effects of damage to the 

What is the major difference between chlorprozamine and risperidone in terms of their actions in the brain?

Which of the following is NOT part of the central nervous system (CNS)? 

Which of these brain areas is particularly vulnerable to the effects of stress, due to its high number of glucocorticoid receptors?

While driving on the highway one day, a young woman named Celine was rear ended by another car that was traveling at high speed.  Right before the collision, the car honked its horn. The accident caused significant injury to Celine along with severe damage to her car. After recovering from her injuries, Celine resumes driving. However, she is now immediately very frightened whenever she hears a car horn honking.  What is the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario? What is the conditioned stimulus? Based on what you have read here, which pathway in Celine’s brain is most likely processing information about car horn honking after her accident —  the “high road” or the “low road”? Explain your reasoning. Your response to all parts of the question must use your own words and must be based on course material.

Astrocytes are known to be important for 

All of the currently used antidepressant treatments are known to have a common effect in the brain. What is this common effect? Briefly explain the neuroplasticity theory of depression. How does this common effect provide support for the neuroplasticity theory of depression?  Make sure your response is in your own words and draws on the course material.