A 60-year-old man has an acute onset of severe pain, redness, and swelling at the great toe joint after a large meal and alcohol. What is the most appropriate initial therapy?

A 55-year-old man has erectile difficulties for one year. He has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Which initial evaluation step is most appropriate?

A 28-year-old with migraine history reports a sudden “worst headache of life,” different from prior attacks. What is the next best step?

A 31-year-old woman has unilateral painful vision loss and a relative afferent pupillary defect; she reports past transient neurologic episodes. Which diagnosis should be strongly considered?

A 58-year-old man has a painless scrotal swelling that transilluminates. He can feel the testis separate from the swelling. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 64-year-old with knee osteoarthritis has posterior knee fullness and discomfort; ultrasound shows a popliteal cyst. He has no redness or severe pain. What is the best management?

A 72-year-old woman has new headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, elevated inflammatory markers, and sudden visual changes. What is the most appropriate immediate management?

A 61-year-old woman with new-onset constipation and unintentional weight loss denies opioid use. What is the next best step?

A 59-year-old has brief, electric-shock facial pain triggered by chewing; neurologic exam is normal. What is the first-line medication?

A 39-year-old barista develops gradual-onset lateral elbow pain that worsens when lifting milk pitchers and when gripping the portafilter at work. Examination shows point tenderness just distal to the lateral epicondyle, pain with resisted wrist extension, and full elbow range of motion without swelling, warmth, or neurologic deficit. She has not had prior injections or imaging and wants to keep working if possible. What is the most appropriate initial management?