[blank] refers to the consistency with which an operational definition reflects the construct it is supposed to measure.

To assess whether stress is reduced by meditation, researchers compare people’s level of stress after meditating to those who did not meditate. In this example, people who did not meditate are in the [blank] group.

To assess whether stress is reduced by meditation, researchers compare people’s level of stress after meditating to those who did not meditate. In this example, the researchers use a [blank] design.

Correlation provides information about [blank].

Horoscopes make claims so general that they seem to apply to everyone. If that is the case, they take advantage of  [blank] to create illusions of success.

To study the effects of humor in an online psychology course, researchers include humorous videos in one section of the course, more serious videos in another, and a mix of video types in a third. The researchers find that students’ course ratings were highest when the course included a mix of video types. In this example, the type of videos used in the course was the [blank] variable.

Tamar wants participants that are representative of the larger population. She should use [blank].

According to the principle of [blank], scientific ideas [blank].

According to the fundamental helping principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence, [blank] should be the primary concern of program leaders.

The defining characteristic of basic research is that [blank].