[BLANK-1] during the Civil War included more manpower, wealth, food, industrial capacity, armories, railroad mileage, and a more centralized, federal approach to the war than the enemy’s.

Part 3 Essay Question [40%]: Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability.Choose ONE (1) of the following options:Identify and then describe the three main agents of western settlement during the first half of the nineteenth century.  For these three agents, who, typically, were the settlers?  What was life like for settlers during each of these periods of western settlement?  How did men and women’s experiences of the West differ?  What obstacles could prevent successful western settlement in each of these three cases?Trace the progression of violence during Bleeding Kansas.  What issue was at stake in Kansas and what groups were concerned with this issue?  Why was Kansas so vital to both the South and the North?  Who were the major figures and groups in Bleeding Kansas?  Where were their strongholds?  How did each side attempt to win?  What is the Free State Legacy and how has it continued to affect Kansas culture during the 20th and 21st centuries?Why was the Civil War so deadly? What role did technology, battlefield tactics, and medical knowledge play in the lethality of war? Why was the war deadlier for Southern troops than Northern troops? In what ways did Southern culture inadvertently lead to a greater mortality rate for their troops? What individuals helped to limit the mortality rate on the Union side? How?

During the 1858 Illinois Senatorial race, [BLANK-1] became vibrant events that allowed the candidates to state their opinions on popular sovereignty (an issue severely dividing the United States as new territories were granted statehood in the 1850s) and allowed local communities in Illinois to air their differences. Illinois voters eventually selected the candidate favoring popular sovereignty; however, the losing candidate correctly warned “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new-North as well as South.”

[BLANK-1] is now a pejorative term, but in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century it was used to describe Chinese immigrants who came to work for low pay in the West. Many would work on the Pacific Railroad and Transcontinental Railroad and some would occupy dangerous jobs such as brakemen. Some did not come by their own free will, but were “shanghaied” by the Shanghai Triad (a mafia organization in China) and forced to work as a form of quasi-slave labor in the United States. These Chinese laborers often suffered discrimination.

Part 2 [8% points each = 40% total] Short Identification Questions (IDs):A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each term should be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the significance. Write an answer for FIVE (5) of the following, even if you must guess somewhat (partial credit is better than none):Border StatesCotton DiplomacyThe Free State LegacyGrant’s Overland CampaignHinton Rowan HelperJames K. PolkMartha ReadMyths of the WestWilliam WalkerWomen and the Gold Rush

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, [BLANK-1] was a novel that became a bestseller and the most famous piece of abolitionist literature in United States history. The novel described the treatment of slaves on a plantation and provided many northerners (mostly women) with their first glimpse of the graphic horrors of the practice of slavery. Stowe particularly targeted women with her emphasis on families and her rhetoric appealing to universal motherhood. Her work was effective and increased calls for emancipation in the North. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln jokingly chastised her about the effectiveness of her book, “so you’re the little lady who started this great big war!”

The most controversial aspect of the proceedings of the Court of Oyer and Terminer during the Essex County Witch Scare was the decision to allow the use of [BLANK-1] and their claim that Satan could not imitate the appearance of an innocent person. The examiners used Richard Bernard’s A Guide to Grand Jury-Men (1627) to inform their proceedings, but ignored Bernard’s specific warning not to use this type of testimony or proof, “the Devil can lye more often…than speake truth.” The tormented accusers described seeing and speaking with accused witches even when their physical bodies were many miles away or even in prison. The witches’ projections could hurt the accusers and often made confessions to them in private (though the actual accused witch denied those confessions in court). Examiners put a great deal of emphasis on the accusers’ reactions during the trials, noting that they would fall into hysterics and pain when an accused witch looked at them or denied the charges but becoming silent and calm when a witch confessed. They employed the touch test (by which the accused witch would touch the tormented accuser during a fit – if the fit stopped immediately after the accused touch, then that was considered proof of guilt). Following the sensational examinations of Abigail Hobbs and George Burroughs in April, 1692, the court began to rely almost exclusively on these types of testimony and tests to verify the guilt of the accused. By September, public opinion began to turn sharply against the use of these kinds of tests and burdens of proof as local religious leaders Increase Mather and Cotton Mather made the claim that the Devil could take the shape of innocent persons. By January of 1693, the court fully abandoned these tests and adopted a more rigorous burden for truth. Governor William Phips conceded “we were convinced and acknowledged that their former proceedings were too violent and not grounded upon a right foundation…the new trials have adopted another method.” From that point forward, none of the accused witches were executed.

Not all members of the Second Continental Congress were in favor of declaring independence from England. Representatives from Pennsylvania, particularly [BLANK-1], who had previously written Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (where he compared the quarrel between England the colonies as a fight between overly strict parents and their children) and The Olive Branch Petition, the last-ditch effort to avoid war with England. As John Adams led the faction in favor of Independence, this man led the faction opposing independence. He abstained from voting to approve the Declaration of Independence and refused to sign the document; however, he is one of the few founding fathers who actually took up arms and fought against the British during the American Revolutionary War.

[BLANK-1] was an American Revolutionary War general and hero. He was a rival of George Washington’s and had attempted to have him replaced as commander of the Continental Army at certain points during the war; however, he was very popular and could have had a promising political career. He was likely the person chiefly responsible for the Newburgh Conspiracy, a planned coup d’état in 1783. He encouraged the army (which would soon be disbanded) to march on the capital, Philadelphia, and force congress to pay all soldiers five years of full pension funds immediately rather than a lifetime pension of half pay. Had such a coup attempt been carried out, it may have ended American Democracy. In a surprise move, George Washington showed up to the meeting called by this man and delivered a speech encouraging soldiers to avoid marching on congress and forcing them to make laws at the point of guns. Washington’s speech worked, this man’s legacy was ruined, and America henceforth established a longstanding pattern of military subordination to civilian authority.

[BLANK-1] was the central part of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan for the early United States. Although the move to create this institution was controversial, and particularly opposed by Thomas Jefferson and his faction, it received congressional approval and was essential to the United States’ economic vitality. It served as a depository for federal funds, printed paper currency backed by hard specie, helped control inflation, and gave wealthy people a vested interest in the federal government’s finances. It also gave the United States a boost in early industrial capitalism.