Which of the samples in Figure 1 were likely taken during bacterial vaginosis?  Choose all that apply.

Answer two of Hanage’s questions listed below.  Provide support for your answer. Do the results presented in Figure 5 detect differences that matter? Do the results presented in Figure 5 show correlation or causation?  

[a] is a common microbe (that we discussed in class) that is associated with vaginal dysbiosis and is part of the bar colored [b] in Figure 2.b.  For full credit, Include the genus and species name in the first blank and use the provided figure key to name the color in the second blank.

Dental caries occur when the host’s immune response begins to destroy the gums and soft tissues surrounding the infected tooth.

Answer the following questions based on your knowledge of the vaginal microbiome and the data provided in the figure. How is lactic acid produced in the vaginal microbiome? What is the importance of lactic acid in the vaginal microbiome? Which two Community State Types produce the most lactic acid? Why is one of these Community State Types less protective against dysbiosis than the other?  Explain your answer.

Name one microbe that is part of the RED complex commonly associated with periodontitis.  You must write the full genus and species name for full credit.

Which of the samples in Figure 1 were likely taken during bacterial vaginosis?  Choose all that apply.

Answer questions 30-32 using the prompt below. You are working in a research lab that studies the effects of diet on the gut microbiome.  You are particularly interested in the complex interactions between the host, diet and microbiota in individuals with inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS).  In order to study this relationship you design an experiment comparing the short chain fatty acid concentrations in fecal samples from healthy individuals to individuals with one of two types of IBS diseases: (1) ulcerative colitis (UC) or (2) Crohn’s Disease (CD).  Results for butyrate concentrations are shown below. Figure 4: Quantification of butyrate concentrations in healthy individuals (control) and those with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD)

Answer questions 10 – 19 using the figure below. Figure 1: An individual’s vaginal microbiome was sampled daily for 70 days.  A. The relative species abundance was determined using 16S sequencing for every day of sampling.  B. The relative transcript abundance was analyzed for four individual time samples labeled T1-T4 using RNAseq.

 In Figure 2 from Barnard (2016) Each column represents a(n) [e] and each row represents a(n) [f].