Consider this argument: “The human mind is composed of individual neurons, and individual neurons follow deterministic physical laws. Therefore, human consciousness must be entirely deterministic with no free will.” Which fallacy does this most clearly commit?
Read DetailsConsider this argument: “If paranormal investigators find electromagnetic anomalies, then ghosts are present. If ghosts are present, then the house is haunted. Therefore, if paranormal investigators find electromagnetic anomalies, then the house is haunted.” What is this argument’s form and status?
Read DetailsEvaluate this argument: “Either the ghost opened the door or the wind did. The wind didn’t do it because all the windows were closed. Therefore, the ghost opened the door.” Assuming the argument is structured correctly, what is its status?
Read DetailsA researcher claims to have discovered a new form of energy that can heal diseases. When scientists ask to examine the energy-detection equipment, the researcher refuses, saying that skeptical observation interferes with the energy and prevents it from working. According to the chapter’s discussion of scientific standards, what problem does this claim have?
Read DetailsTwo competing theories both explain why objects fall toward Earth. Theory A says invisible gremlins push objects downward. Theory B is Newton’s gravity. Even though both theories explain falling objects equally well, scientists prefer Newton’s theory. According to the criteria of adequacy discussed in the chapter, why?
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