Which of the following measures is commonly used with the standard deviation to indicate the spread of data?

One of the following is both a risk factor and an outcome

Through randomization confounding factors become evenly distributed between the study groups                             

11.4 Company X donated contaminated polony to an old age home and informal traders following recall of its products due to outbreak of Listeriosis

The following scenarios are excerpted from some hypothetical research methodologies. Select from each of provided options ONE basic ethical principle that was not upheld  11.1  In one study involving minors, the mothers were not aware of the purpose and the duration of the study. They agreed to participate because they were afraid that if they declined to participate their access to care would be affected

The following 2×2 table contains data from a hypothetical study in which the researchers conducted a review of employee medical records to collect data to investigate the association of exposure to silica dust and development of lung cancer among the currently employees and those who had exited employment. Consider it carefully and answer the questions that follow.   Working with silica dustLung cancerTotal   YesNo  Yes10050150   No3070100    130120250  1.1 Which of the following designs was this most likely to be?   

1.4 What is the total number of employees that were exposed?   

11.5 In a study involving the villagers, the researchers offered the king an amount of R10, 000 whilst seeking permission to conduct the study in the area

A scheme developed by Whit Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle is commonly called “Diffie‑Hellman”. What does this scheme directly enable? 

See the previous question. Describe in words the inverse of the operation performed above.