Which of these is a PRODUCER in a food web?

What is the term for the predictable series of changes an ecosystem goes through to recover after a disturbance like a forest fire?

When there is only rock left over for an ecosystem this is known as which type of succession? This is very rare.

Which innovation in agriculture allows plants to grow in nutrient-rich water instead of soil?

Which agricultural innovation focuses on growing crops in vertically stacked layers to save space and water?

Which of the following best defines “Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)”?

Which feedback loop describes how melting ice reveals darker surfaces (like the ocean) that absorb more heat, leading to even more melting?

Q15 [2 pts]: Suppose that the 16 (rather than 14) of the packages in the sample contain the Billy Wonka cards. Will the p-value increase, decrease, or stay the same? There is no need to explain.

Q14 [2 pts]: Complete the R command that runs the hypothesis test in R. _________(x =_______, n = 100, p =________, alternative= “less”)

Q21 [3 pts]: Solve the sample standard deviation (i.e., the standard deviation of the number of disposable containers used by a student each day based on the sample). Please show your work. You can write your final answer in the calculator-ready form. Hint: use the test statistic and the sample mean in the output.