During evaporation of seawater, the dissolved salts ____.

The goal of the M-step in the EM approach is to adjust the parameters so that the expected likelihood P(D|C) is maximized. (* D represents the dataset, and C denotes the k probabilistic clusters.)

Which of the following best explains the intuition behind the sensitivity to outliers?

PCA orders Principal Components based on

The result of PCA can be considered

Each Principal Component is a linear combination of a subset of the original dimensions

Ice age sea level change: Recall that sea level is where the top surface of the ocean meets the land.  It is affected by the height of the ocean and by the height of the land.  Either one can move up or down. a)  During glacial periods:  Give 2 reasons why global sea level (eustatic sea level) is lower.     1.     2. b)  During glacial periods:  What causes sea level to change by different amounts (tens to hundreds of meters) in some regions compared with others?  c)  During the present-day interglacial period:  Since the town of Juneau, Alaska was established in 1880, sea level there has been falling even as global sea level has been rising.  The falling sea level has exposed more land.  Based on your chapter reading, what glacial phenomenon would explain this?

Global warming and sea level: a) How has global warming caused global sea level to rise over the past century?  Explain 2 different mechanisms.  b) Where are the 2 regions of ice that could cause the largest global sea level rise if they melt?

Global climate models: Refer to Figure 12.23 in the chapter (or click to download it).  This figure shows “Components of global climate models and improvements to each over time.” a)  Why did global climate models start with the atmosphere?  (There are several good answers to this.) b)  Why is ocean carbon important to these models? c)  Constructing a model to simulate a highly complex system like Earth’s climate is a long, stepwise process.  This figure shows that scientists have been working on it for 50 years.  Consider a point in the process before the model is “complete” and “perfect”.  How would you decide whether the model is good enough to be useful?

Barrier islands: a) What effects do waves have on the size and location of barrier islands? b) What is the effect of barrier islands on waves, and what consequence does this have for the mainland coast?