Describe the difference between a graded potential and an action potential and include the function of graded potential compared to an action potential:

–BONUS– Match the indicated brain structure with the correct embryonic brain regions:

Explain the mechanism of action (at the cellular level) of drugs like lidocaine compared to opioid drugs in the treatment of pain. Also, describe why opioids cause the side effect of pruritus:

Which of the following is the major difference between a graded potential and an action potential?

The cerebrospinal fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord is contained between which two layers?

Match the description with the correct type of motor signal:

Describe the complete, anatomical route of the posterior column pathway. Be specific. Then list any specific differences in the route of the spinothalamic tract:

The function of neural glial cells called ependymal cells is to:

Based on the recorded neuron action potential, which of the following terms correctly describes the membrane potential or voltage at “R”?

These are BONUS QUESTIONS available for extra points. You can answer zero or all, but make sure you have already completed the real exam questions first: In 2025, and for the first time in recent years, a new non-opioid pain killer was approved for post-surgical pain and trauma pain, describe the mechanism of this new drug class and why is such an interesting pain drug. In the chemistry of love specific transmitters were linked to the euphoria of new love, the excitement of new love and possibly even the obsessions of new love. Which changes in the NT’s were linked to each specific feeling? If you were to begin studying brain stimulation (either deep or transcortical) for the following three conditions, 1-stuttering, 2-chronic pain, 3 -obsessive compulsive disorder. Which brain region would you target with stimulation for each condition? Name the cranial nerves and branches of cranial nerves that travel through the superior orbital fissure in the posterior orbit of the skull: Describe the phenotype of the worrier vs. warrior and the gene and brain region linked to the phenotype Is there something else I forgot to ask you related to this Unit? Then explain any such topic(s) here and tell me what else you know: