Karl Marx’s Metaphysics:  . ´“History does nothing, it ‘possesses no immense wealth,’ it ‘wages no battles.’  It is man, real living man, that does all that, that possesses and fights; ‘history’ is not a person apart, using man as a means for its own particular aims; history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims.”  . For Karl Marx, this future is ______________________.  The laws of history are “tendencies working with iron necessity towards inevitable results.”

Theories of Moral Realism: The following is an example of _____________________ reasoning:  In the New Testament, Caiphas, the High Priest, advises the Council to deliver Jesus to the Romans for execution: “You know nothing at all; you do not understand that it is expedient that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation should not perish” (John 11:49-50).

The following is the ____________________________________: “We ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.”   See Mill’s Utilitarianism (pp. 125 – 127)

The following is an example of a Rule Utilitarian (RU):  “If the practice of lying is, overall, bad for the world in cases where one is tempted to lie, then one ought not to lie now, even if in this case to lie would actually bring about better consequences.”

Implications of the worldview of Naturalism (Scientific Atheism) for life and ethics:  . William Lane Craig argues (following Francis Schaeffer and the admission of atheists like Jean-Paul Sartre) that atheism is practically impossible to follow and be consistent because atheism eliminates three things from being real in life.  Which of the following is not one of the three things that Craig argues?

For Karl Marx, the “dictatorship of the proletariat” is the first stage of the synthesis.   In this stage, the proletariat use their newly gained political power to cleanse society of the last remnants of capitalism. . Historically, what happens in this stage?  

After World War I, people didn’t behave as Marxists predicted (that the workers of the world would unite), and instead turned to God and church, their countries (nationalism), and families.   This inspired the Frankfurt School of Marxism (in the 1920s) to begin the plan of Cultural Marxism in the USA to bring about the Marxist revolution.   Which of the following WAS NOT part of the plan of the Frankfurt School and Cultural Marxism?

The Moral Argument & Naturalism . J.L. MACKIE (famous atheist philosopher):   “If…there are… __________ values, they make the existence of a god more probable than it would have been without them. Thus we have a…defensible…argument from morality to the existence of a god.”  .  

Which is NOT a form of alienation for Marx?

The late philosopher from West Point, Louis Pojman, defends Bertrand Russell’s view that secular ethics can be saved, since “secular morality based on a notion of the good life is inspiring in itself, for it promotes human flourishing and can be shown to be in all of our interests, whether or not a God exists.”  (In Pojman’s Discovering Right and Wrong) Why do other atheists (Naturalists) like J.L. Mackie, Kai Nielsen, Michael Ruse and others disagree with Russell and Pojman?