Under what conditions could a biological reaction spontaneously proceed to reactants if ΔG° > 0?

The A-T content for several DNA strands is reported below. Which strand would have the highest Tm?

Justify your answer choice for the previous question.

Justify your answer choice for the previous question

If the isoelectric point (pI) for an amino acid is at point A on the following curve, what is the charge on the amino acid at point B?

Which of the following are negatively charged amino acids at pH = 7?

During translation, charged tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome complex, where they form complementary base pairs with ​

A polypeptide was digested by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Use the following information to determine the polypeptide sequence. Remember that trypsin cleaves next to Lys and Arg, and chymotrypsin cleaves next to Trp, Phe, Leu, and Tyr. Trypsin Digest Chymotrypsin Digest LMYK CE MGFCE LMYKW WDER DERMGF ​

Given a solution with pH > pKa, what are the relative concentrations of A- and HA?

In DNA, the phosphate groups are on the outside of the helix. How does this stabilize the structure? ​