A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by _______ between the concrete and the bar and by a small amount of _______.

In a pull-out test, a concrete cylinder containing the bar is placed on a stiff plate and a jack is used to push the bar into the cylinder.

When a deformed bar is loaded for the first time, the adhesion and friction are quickly lost, leaving the bond to be transferred by _______.

Determine the bar-spacing factor, cb, for a simply supported rectangular beam with b = 16 in. and No. 3 stirrups. This beam has three No. 7 bars as longitudinal reinforcement. The clear cover is 1.9 in.

Use ACI 318-14 Table 25.4.2.2 to determine the development length for the straight tension bars (no hooks) in a rectangular beam with b = 18 in. and d = 24 in., five galvanized No. 9 Grade 60 bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 60 stirrups located every 6 in. along the span. Assume 5,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 1.5 in.

Bond stresses must be absent whenever the stress or force in a reinforcing bar changes from point to point along the length of the bar.

Which type of reinforcement is frequently used in bridge decks?

ACI Code Section 9.7.3.3 arbitrarily requires longitudinal tension bars be extended a minimum distance equal to the greater of d or 12 bar diameters past the theoretical cutoff point for flexure.

Determine the epoxy modification factor, ψe, for a rectangular beam with b = 18 in. and d = 22 in., three epoxy-coated No. 9 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 60 stirrups located every 6 in. along the span. Assume 8,000-psi normal-weight concrete and a clear cover of 1.75 in.

The primary purpose for the continuity and structural integrity reinforcement requirements is to tie the structural elements together and prevent localized damage from spreading.