2. In the 19th century, Jews in Western Europe and to a lesser extent, Central and Eastern Europe began to acquire equal or nearly equal citizenship. In Russia, Jews were treated as aliens until World War I, during which time _______________—organized riots against Jews in the Russian Empire—continued.
Read Details6. During the second half of the century, ________________ swept across Latin America. It was a philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, or positive, stage of human intellectual development because it involves exact descriptions of phenomena, without recourse to unobservable operative principles, such as gods or spirits.
Read Details3. The ____________________ was the mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the 2nd half of the 18th century. It led to sustained economic growth despite downturns or depressions, improved standards of living, and introduced social changes.
Read Details7. In 1836, the Chinese government banned opium, leading to tensions with the _______________, who controlled the trade. The Opium War (1839–1842) ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanjing, 1st of the “unequal treaties.” The Treaty of Nanjing was followed by similar treaties with the U.S. and France.
Read Details9. The ____________________, (peace treaty made following WWI) was unsatisfactory in many ways. The tragedy was that it was neither conciliatory enough to remove desire for change nor harsh enough to make another war impossible.
Read Details4. After WWI, France was eager to achieve a settlement that would permanently weaken Germany and preserve French political and military superiority. The ____________________ was created to maintain peace. The terms of peace treaties proved particularly onerous for Germany, which was required to pay reparations and faced a war guilt clause. Many new nations came into being in Europe, and the old Ottoman Empire disappeared.
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