The stapedius muscle attached to the stapes bone is innervated by the ___________nerve whereas the tensor tympani muscle attached to the tympanic membrane is innervated by a mandibular sub-branch of the ____________nerve.

Recall that all important carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer reaction mediated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase for this question: The citric acid cycle is functioning all the time and thus producing carbon dioxide. When we exercise and the rate of aerobic metabolism goes up, production increases drastically. Eventually, if CO2 builds up in the body this will lead to a (decrease or increase) in body pH via the law of mass action. Thus, as long as we are healthy, there will be a reflexive (decrease or increase) in breathing to compensate.

Often in entertainment and the news the “genetic code” is referenced. You of course know that what this is referring to is our codons, which ultimately encode for the amino acids that will make up our proteins. What are codons again?

Regarding osmotic pressure regulation in the body, when the kidney goes into failure, one of the signs that medical laboratory pathologists will see is that the patient’s red blood cells will shrink (crenate).Why does this happen in renal disease?

True or False? Xanax, Valium, Versed, and Ativan, among other actions, all act via GABA receptor agonism which causes:

Unlike in deep stages of sleep where somnambulism can occur, in order to not act out our dreams during REM stages of sleep, we become almost completely paralyzed during most of the stages except for:

In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa. This is done by what neurophysiological process? hint: recall the patellar tendon (ligament) reflex, AKA knee-jerk reflex, from the last chapter.

True or False? The enkaphalins and dynorphins are considered exogenous opiates whereas oxycodone and fentanyl are considered endogenous opiates.

Using your nucleotide base pairing rules, in RNA, not DNA, adenine bonds with:

Part of a standard neurological exam is to ask a patient to follow a a pen light with their eyes as you move it laterally and medially then superiorly and inferiorly. You do this in order to test the functioning of which CNs?