NEURO-ANATOMY AND CLINICAL NEUROLOGY STANDARD EXAMINATIONDate:  25 October 2025                       Total Marks: 120Duration: 130 Minutes                        Examiner: Mrs. BodibaModule code: MNAA030/NEU022     External moderator: Dr. LangaDescriptionThis assessment consists of multiple-choice/MCQ, multiple-answer/MAQ, matching, True or False, and type-in/fill-in questions.TOTAL 120marksThis theory component will be  followed by a 50-mark spotter in the dissection hallInstructionsRead questions carefullyAll answers are 1 full mark per fact, unless stated otherwise. 

Not requiring oxygen; occurring in conditions lacking oxygen

Eukaryotic cells carry out multiple metabolic processes in order to harness energy from the environment. Cellular respiration refers to a series of metabolic pathways that convert glucose into usable energy. In [answer1], glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the [answer2], where it is converted to carbon dioxide during the [answer3] cycle. The electrons that are released during these earlier stages are input into the electron transport chain, where [answer4] phosphorylation occurs. The end goal of cellular respiration is to produce a chemical called ATP, which stands for [answer5]. When oxygen is low, some cells can carry out an alternative metabolic pathway called [answer6]. Plant cells have a special organelle called the [answer7], where they harness energy from sunlight in a process called [answer8].

In eukaryotes, cells divide by a process called [answer1] division. This process includes multiple distinct phases. In [answer2], the chromosomes condense, and the [answer3] envelope fragments into small pieces. Next, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, at the [answer4] plate. The mitotic spindle attaches to the chromosomes, at a special chromosomal structure called the [answer5]. The [answer6] chromatids separate during [answer7]. Finally, the chromosomes decondense during [answer8]. The cell itself physically divides during a process called [answer9]. During sexual reproduction, cells undergo a specialized type of cell division called [answer10].

Many biological molecules are in the form of [answer1], which are long strands of repeating units.  These include carbohydrates, which are composed of individual units called [answer2]. Proteins are made up of units called [answer3]. DNA and RNA are examples of [answer4], which are composed of individual units called [answer5].  Lipids are a diverse group of biological molecules that are mostly [answer6], or insoluble in water.

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A unique sequence of three mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid

A pair of chromosomes consisting of one received from the father and one from the mother

A grid-like diagram showing all possible ways that two alleles can be brought together through fertilization

A green pigment that is specialized for absorbing light energy