Reading Question 16 – 17 “English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military.  Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown”. Edmund Morgan, historian, “The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607 – 1618”, published in 1971   Question: Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? 

Reading for questions 14 – 15  “[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores.” Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 Question: The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French:

Questions 18 – 20 for this image:    Question: Looking at the above graph, in which years were indentured servants most popular? 

“The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt?

Image for questions 6 -8 Question: The image most directly reflects the belief held by many in 1788 that:   

Reading for Questions 1 – 3 “The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year…. [I]t would seem… that the  Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race…. [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs… that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.” Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552  Question: Which of the following most directly resulted from the change in the Native American population described by Las Casas?

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interference with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution…. Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police…. This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”  — United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v Ogden, 1824 The excerpt best reflects which of the following trends during the early 1800s? 

“The creation of the home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensible to obtain a supply of our necessary wants…. Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture …. Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the  theater of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?    “…. Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled its end…. The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the [products] of foreign labor would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready … to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest exchanges.”  — Henry Clay,  Speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824 Which of the following was an interpretation of the speech by opponents of the goals Clay expressed in the excerpt? 

“I was particularly gratified to be favored from yourself with your sentiments on that interesting subject which has engaged so much of the attention of Congress during its present session…. I think there can be no doubt of the impropriety of the interference of government, in the direction of labor and capital … so far as it respects our own country; but I have supposed that it ought to interfere, in behalf of our own people, against the policy and the measures of Foreign governments [to protect their industries from competition]….   …. The measure of protection which [the bill passed by Congress] affords short of what many of its friends wished; but considering the sensibilities which have been awakened, and the…diversity of interests which exist in our Country it is perhaps better that we should advance slowly…. I can not however but hope and believe that… we shall see, after a few years, that it will have accomplished much.”  — Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives, letter to former President James Madison, 1824 The concerns described in the excerpt best reflect which of the following historical developments? 

Which of the following most directly contributed to the construction of canals depicted on the map?