Resting RER (respiratory exchange ratio) is usually around 1.0.

Exercise-induced muscle cramps are caused by an over-activation of _________.

Non-steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane which causes a cellular cascade inside the cell.

List and explain the five stages of  the phage lytic replication cycle. 

FRQ – You may not use your graphing calculator for this portion of the exam. Directions: The following question contains one free response problem.  When completing the free response problems, consider the following: Show all of your work. Your work will be scored on the correctness and completeness of your responses, including your supporting work and answers. Answers without supporting work may not receive credit in caseswhere supporting work is required.

What region of the small intestine is this? (ignore arrows and lines

What cartilage is the arrow pointing to?

A 42-year-old nurse reports heel pain that is worst with her first steps in the morning. Her doctor recommends wearing a night splint that keeps her ankle slightly dorsiflexed (about 5°) and her toes gently extended while she sleeps. Which of the following best explains why this treatment helps reduce her morning pain?

A 20-year-old soccer player reports recurrent episodes of the ankle “giving way,” particularly when cutting or landing from a jump. She denies a recent acute sprain but notes mild swelling after intense activity. Clinical examination reveals normal ligament integrity on stress testing but poor balance and delayed peroneal muscle activation during dynamic movements. Which combination of factors most accurately explains the cause of her functional ankle instability?

A 22-year-old collegiate basketball player reports sudden anterior knee pain and a sensation that the kneecap “slipped out of place” while cutting sharply to change direction. The athletic trainer observed the patella shift laterally and spontaneously relocate as the athlete extended the knee. Examination reveals mild swelling, a positive apprehension test, and increased lateral patellar mobility. Which of the following best explains the biomechanical and anatomical factors contributing to this injury?