Scenario 2 – “Yeast on Caffeine” (10 points) A bakery yeast strain grows poorly unless caffeine is added. Geneticists suspect a mutation in the PDE1 gene, which encodes a phosphodiesterase that terminates cAMP signaling. Normally, phosphodiesterase lowers cAMP levels, thereby [1] Researchers find the PDE1 promoter heavily methylated only in caffeine‑dependent yeast. This suggests [2] Which event happens to yeast PDE1 pre‑mRNA before export to the cytoplasm? [3] To clone the wild‑type PDE1 gene, scientists cut the gene and a plasmid with EcoRI (GAATTC). EcoRI creates sticky ends because it [4] Sequencing the mutant gene reveals an early stop codon. In Sanger sequencing, incorporation of a dideoxy‑GTP stops elongation because it [5]

Scenario 1 – “Muscle‑Twitch Mice” (10 Points) A colony of lab mice has begun displaying sudden, short bursts of running whenever a loud sound occurs. Researchers discover a dominant allele T that encodes a hyperactive epinephrine receptor in skeletal‑muscle cells.   Which change most directly explains the mice’s behavior? [1] Hyper‑activity of this receptor would first increase the activity of which enzyme inside the muscle cell? [2] To verify that the T allele produces a longer receptor protein, what step follows transcription of the T mRNA?[3] If skeletal‑muscle cells alone express the epinephrine‑receptor gene, which explanation is most consistent? [4] Researchers design primers flanking a 180 bp region that includes the T mutation. After PCR and agarose‑gel analysis they expect the mutant allele to show: [5]

Use the special form of Hess’s law and given ∆H°f of the reactants and products to calculate the heat for the reaction (∆H°rxn)  of methane with oxygen:  CH4 (g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)   ∆H°f, methane (g) -74.60 kJ/mol ∆H°f, water (l) -285.8 kJ/mol ∆H°f, carbon dioxide (g) -393.5 kJ/mol  

The following is NOT a feature of the Bohr model of the atom:

Which of the following ways contributes to Antibiotic resistance?  Select all that applies.

Negative identity can be defined as

When Keith had a conflict with a neighbor who moved from Somalia, he tried to analyze the situation by looking at how he tends to engage in low-context communication whereas his neighbor prefers high-context communication. He is using 

In New Mexico, consumers and tourists seek “authentic” and “traditional” Native American artwork because of their fascination with different and exotic cultures. In Chapter 8, this example is used to illustrate

When “difference” from the dominant norm is exaggerated and constructed as mysterious, strange, and alluring, it is called ______. 

Although only 4.25% of the world’s population, the United States accounts for ______ of the global consumption