Calculation and probability problems. Show your work everywhere and circle your final answers. (36 pt)

A patient with COPD is prescribed ipratropium. The patient asks why a medication that blocks receptors can improve breathing. The nurse explains that blocking muscarinic receptors prevents parasympathetic-mediated airway constriction. What is the expected therapeutic effect?

16. On the distribution above, what percent of scores would be below an 18?  (NOTE: only provide numerical answer, do not place a % in your answer or it will be marked incorrect!)

Why is it important to calculate effect size when we have a significant result? (4pts)

Assuming a variable is normally distributed with a μ = 24 and a σ = 8, convert the following raw scores into z-scores and z-scores into raw scores. Show your work! (8pts) Raw Scores Z-Scores 25.00 [0.13] -4.00 [-3.50] [14.40] -1.20 [42.56]  2.32

18.  True/False: I ran a test in SPSS and it told me the p value of my test was .003. This test was significant? (1pt)

If a standard deviation is 8, what is the variance?

The following data come from reports of car crashes in Texas. Specifically, I selected only crashes where speed was a factor in the crash. Please use the SPSS output to answer the following questions.   Say something true about the data. (2pts)  

6. t(25) = 2.62. Would we reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Why? (3pts)

Allister is teaching statistics this term and his class just completed their midterm exam. He has taught this course several times before using the same exam and has found the exam to have an average score of 82 with a standard deviation of 8. His class this semester had an average score of 89. The difference between these exams scores is significant, what is the size of the effect?