Which scenario best exemplifies astroturf lobbying?

Which of the following best demonstrates the Court’s use of intermediate scrutiny?

The grandfather clause

Open seats are less competitive than a race in which an incumbent seeks another term.

I pledge that I am not cheating in any way on this test.  I am not having another person complete the exam for me.  I am not interacting with any other person.  I am not accessing resources online.  I may use my notes but understand that I have limited time to complete the test, and looking through notes may prevent me from completing the test in the time allowed. 

All of the following are examples of sampling bias EXCEPT:

Protectionism was based on sexist attitudes about women.

________ regulates the broadcast media in the United States.

Which best illustrates the hostile media effect?

Amanda is a college student who wonders whether to vote because the chances of one vote being the decisive one are very small. What does her sentiment illustrate?