Blue-headed wrasse fish are born as biological “females”, but change into biological “males” when they grow to a certain size. This switch is the result of fitness differences between “males” and “females” at different stages of development. Large individuals are better able to defend nesting sites from competitors, so fitness is higher in “males” that are larger. Which of the following graphs illustrates the relationship between size and fitness in the two sexes of blue-headed wrasse?

Artist Eduardo Kac includes “bio art” among his specialties.  In 2000, he unveiled “Alba,” an albino rabbit with some unusual features. Alba’s cells produce GFP, a green fluorescent protein. When Alba is illuminated with blue light, she fluoresces a bright lime green color (image below). The GFP-producing gene is naturally found in a species of jellyfish.  Kac collaborated with a group of French geneticists to insert the GFP jellyfish gene into a rabbit embryo using transformation. Born in France, this unique work of living art went home with Kac, his wife, and his daughter to live with them as a family pet in their Chicago home. Given this information, what of the following statements about Alba is correct?

Origin of life experiments by Miller, Urey, and others (Miller-Urey Experiments) involved circulating a mixture of simple gases (a simulated reducing atmosphere) past an energy source such as a spark in an enclosed glass apparatus. Results of these experiments showed that

A young male bird lives in an area where all the suitable nesting sites are hard to find because they are claimed by more experienced, older males. Of the options listed below, what is the young bird’s best choice, in terms of increasing his inclusive fitness?

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER A mother and her two daughters each develop breast cancer at approximately the same age in their lives. Based on genetic analysis, it is determined that mutations in the BRCA1,  tumor suppressor gene, is responsible for all three instances of cancer. Their specific mutations are presented below (bold base pair). Mother: ATCGGTCCADaughter A: ATCGGTCCADaughter B: ATCGCACCA Given these data, what is the most likely origin of each daughters’ cancer? Daughter A’s cancer is [answer1] Daughter B’s cancer is [answer2]

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER Red-green color blindness is inherited as a recessive X-linked trait in humans. The allele for normal vision is B, and the allele for colorblindness is b. A husband (XY) and wife (XX) have 2 sons (XY) and 2 daughters (XX).  One son and one daughter are color blind. What are the genotypes of the parents?

Bird field guides once listed the Myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler as two distinct species based on morphological differences. Current guides list them as one species, the Yellow-rumped Warbler, with two slightly different populations. The reclassification of the two birds into a single species was based on a reevaluation of the birds using the Biological Species Concept (BSC). To classify the two species as a single species under the BSC, biologists must have found that the  Myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler…

Which best explains the differences between historians and political scientists?

Political scientists __________ data, as scientists do in the natural sciences.

__________ is a subfield of political science.