A 45 year old male, with no significant past medical history, presents with low back pain.  He denies numbness or tingling of the lower extremities or any issues with bowl or bladder function.  Exam reveals the L4 spinous process to the right of the midline and a prominent L4 transverse process on the left.  Which of the following best describes the lumbar vertebra rotation?

In which of the following patients would you expect the standing posture to be the most stable?

At the ankle, what is the primary function of the deltoid ligament?

You are reading the intake paperwork for a new 65 year old female patient.  The patient’s past medical history is significant for the following: diabetes, glaucoma, CVA, and right foot drop.  If you were to analyze this patient’s gait during swing phase, what would be happening at the hip and knee?

With heel strike, in what direction does the pelvis rotate?

You are examining a 12 year old male with a complaint of right knee pain.  He states the pain has been occurring for about two months.  Activity makes the pain worse.  Ice makes the pain better.  Exam is significant for tenderness at the tibial tuberosity.  Range of motion is within normal limits.  Manual muscle testing is 5/5 throughout, though knee extension reproduces the pain.  Based solely on the above information, which anatomical structure is causing the pain?

What direction is the superior articular facet facing on a typical lumbar vertebra?

You are examining a client with chronic low back pain and bilateral hip osteoarthritis.  On exam, the bilateral ASIS’s feel more inferior than normal.  Goniometry measurements indicate significant bilateral hip flexion.  Given these findings, what type of accompanying motion would be found at the lumbar spine?

How is the talocrural joint classified?

An OT student is completing a gait analysis during lab.  She measures the distance traveled between two right heel strikes.  Which component of gait is she measuring?