Exotoxins are harmful proteins secreted by bacteria.   

Which type of water is denser (more molecules packed in)?  Liquid water or solid water (ice)? 

ESSAY QUESTION #2:  In essay format and according to course materials only, list and describe each of the five stages of a lytic infection caused by a bacteriophage. (10pts) NOTE: When writing your essay response, be sure to write in essay format. Points shall be deducted with improper use of grammar, spelling, and/or punctuation. I further expect to see well-constructed sentences with no errors in mechanics. I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses about the lytic infection derived from material from the course lecture videos or course powerpoint will be accepted. Further, as a ten point essay question, you must describe each stage of a lytic infection in a way that shows me you understand the materials you learned directly from class. 

A lipid made of two fatty acids, one glycerol and a phosphate group is a _________. 

Chemical reactions can create matter. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #2: According to course materials only, write out the sequence of amino acids based on the mRNA transcript written below. (1pt) AUGCGGUCGCGCCGUUGA NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #4: According to course materials only, explain inhibition as it involves enzymes, then list and differentiate between the two types of enzyme inhibition. (3pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

Genes are transcribed from DNA into RNA.  The RNA is then used to create a protein.  This entire process is called ________________. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #2: According to course materials only, list and explain Koch’s four postulates, then provide two examples of scenarios discussed in class (bacterial or viral) by which Koch’s postulates do not apply. (6pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

When considering enzymes and the process of competitive inhibition, identify the true statement(s).    1. Competitive inhibition involves the destruction of an enzyme substrate at the active site.  2. Competitive inhibition involves competition with the substrate at the enzyme’s active site.  3. Competitive inhibition involves the alteration of an enzyme’s active site.  4. Competitive inhibition involves binding at an enzyme’s allosteric site.  5. Competitive inhibition may result in irreversible binding to an enzyme’s active site.