MC Questions 21 – 31 A.        UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) F.         NADP+/NADPH or Transaminase or Carnitine B.        ATP/ADP or Biotin G.        FAD/FADH2 or Mutase or CO2 or HCO3- C.        ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate H.        Pi or 2Pi (phosphate) or Synthase or Citrate D.        GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate I.         H2O or Urea or Phosphorylase E.        NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or

Upload an image of your drawing. The role of lactate (CH3CH(OH)CO2-) in metabolism was reevaluated in a review article on lactate metabolism by L. B. Gladden in J Physiol 558: (2004) pp 5-30. The paragraph to the below is from the article. La- is lactate. One of the proposed metabolic roles of lactate involves a metabolite shuttle between two types of cells within the brain. Glu is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The proposed shuttle system is shown in an illustration from the above-mentioned article and depicts, among other things, the recycling of Glu.  La- is lactate, Pyr is pyruvate, AAT is alanine amino transferase, 2-oxoglu (2-oxoglutamate) is another name for a-ketoglutarate, GDH is glutamate dehydrogenase, LDH is lactate dehydrogenase  One of the reactions shown in the diagram is the conversion of Glu to Gln. Draw out this reaction. Include the structures of the substrate and product and as well as, the key intermediate structure in the reaction, along with any cofactors or co-reactants required for the reaction.  (2 pts.)

MC Questions 32 – 44 A.        UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) F.         NADP+/NADPH or Transaminase or Carnitine B.        ATP/ADP or Biotin G.        FAD/FADH2 or Mutase or CO2 or HCO3- C.        ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate H.        Pi or 2Pi (phosphate) or Synthase or Citrate D.        GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate I.         H2O or Urea or Phosphorylase E.        NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or 

We have studied a number of biochemical reactions associated with metabolism in the last half of the class. For the following cofactors (4 THINGS): Identify the cofactor. State the type of chemical reaction each cofactor helps catalyze. Give a generalized enzyme name describing the type of reaction OR the specific name of an enzyme that requires the cofactor. Identify by name, common abbreviation, or structure a substrate or a product of a reaction requiring the cofactor. You need four responses for each cofactor. Example Answer: “Mg2+: Magnesium (the name), phosphate transfer reactions (the reaction type), kinase or hexokinase (the general enzyme name or enzyme name), glucose or Glc or PEP or Fru-1,6-BP (the name of substrate or product). A)                             B)                                                  C)              D)                                                 E)                    F)          G)                    H)                                                 I)                             J)                                 K)                                L)       

21. [C]22. [J]23. [F]24. [G]25. [I]26. [E]27. [J2]28. [I2]29. [H]30. [G2]31. [H2]

32. [E]33. [A]34. [D]35. [EorF]36. [I]37. [B]38. [B2]39. [J]40. [C]41. [J2]42. [C2]43. [I2]44. [I3]

Metabolism Upload an image of your drawing and explanation. Show how a molecule of palmitic acid (16:0) that has entered a muscle cell is “tagged” or prepared for

For each of the following structures: 1. Identify the cofactor  2. State the type of reaction or name a specific reaction that the cofactor facilitates. A.                               B.                                    C.   

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Beginning with PLP (Vit. B6), whose structure is given below, draw out the mechanistic steps that result in the transfer of the amino group of Ala to PLP as catalyzed by the enzyme alanine aminotransferase.  (4 pts.) b.) Draw the structure of the molecule that ultimately accepts the amino group of Ala in the above aminotransferase  reaction. (2 pts.) c.)  The 

Upload an image of your answers to this question. Krabbe disease is a rare degenerative disease that affects the myelin sheath. Individuals who have this disease have levels of psychosine that are elevated on the order of 100 times that of normal individuals. Psychosine is sphingosine with a galactose (epimer of Glc at C-4) attached at the terminal 1 position by a