How are current and charge related?

The magnetism of the Earth acts approximately as if it originates from a huge bar magnet within the Earth. Which of the following statements are true?

Which structure represents the oxaphosphetane reaction intermediate in the scheme below?

Which structure corresponds to the acylpyridinium intermediate A?

Which is the best strategy for synthesizing the following compound with high selectivity for E alkene?

Which starting material is NOT expected to afford the product shown for the following reaction scheme?  

What is the oxidation state of the carbonyl carbon atom?

What is the order of reactivity for the following compounds toward reaction with methylmagnesium bromide (H3C-MgBr) from the MOST to the LEAST reactive (i.e. most reactive first)?

What reagents will give the transformation?  

Why is it important to standardize variables before applying Ridge or LASSO regression?